Encyclopedia
Forensic audio encyclopedia
Every measurement this tool makes, defined in plain language — with an explicit note on what else produces the same reading in genuine human recordings. If a term is listed as a weak signal, that is our assessment of it, not a disclaimer we hid at the bottom.
Spectral
- Spectral centroidModerate signalThe centre of mass of a sound's frequency spectrum — a numerical measure of brightness.
- Spectral flatnessModerate signalHow noise-like versus tone-like a spectrum is, expressed as a single ratio.
- Spectral ceilingModerate signalThe frequency above which a recording contains essentially no energy.
Dynamics
Stereo
Temporal
- Segment agreementStrong signalHow consistently independent sections of a track produce the same measurement.
- Transient densityModerate signalHow many sharp attack events occur per unit of time, and how varied they are.
- Micro-timing variationWeak signalThe tiny deviations from a strict grid that characterise human performance.
Provenance
- Codec artefactsModerate signalTraces left by lossy encoders such as MP3, AAC and Opus.
- Metadata and provenanceStrong signalNon-acoustic evidence: file tags, upload history, project files, platform records.
- Audio watermarkingStrong signalA deliberate, usually inaudible marker embedded by the generator at synthesis time.
Method
- FFT and windowingModerate signalThe transform that turns a slice of audio into a frequency spectrum, and the taper applied first.
- Ensemble scoringStrong signalCombining several independent detectors into one probability with a confidence level.
- Probability versus confidenceStrong signalTwo different numbers: how likely, and how much the evidence can be trusted.